Abstract
Ghana faces significant energy sector challenges, including frequent power outages, rising sector debt, and 30% energy consumption losses. A Climate, Land, Energy, and Water Systems (CLEWS) based study was conducted to assess the impacts of demand-side management (DSM) and renewable energy deployment on generation capacity investment, land use, and water demand from 2020 to 2070. Two scenarios were analysed in this study. The first, Demand-Side Management (DSM), aimed at reducing the annual energy demand growth rate by 5% through strategies such as mandatory energy audits, and others. The second scenario focused on decarbonization through renewable energy integration (DE-RE), transitioning the power sector from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, particularly solar and wind. Results showed significant reductions in electricity generation costs and investments, increased reliance on local energy resources, and decreased water use for thermal cooling, though agricultural water demand rose. Land use for biodiesel production also increased. These findings indicate that DSM strategies can effectively reduce energy demand and costs. It is recommended to revitalize the Renewable Energy Act and create a conducive environment for energy sector investments, alongside promoting afforestation in built-up areas. Finally, integrated CLEWS-based strategies can significantly enhance Ghana's sustainable development by improving energy efficiency and resource optimization.
